Transition metals

Transition metals = Transition elements
They create complex ions which dye solutions

Titanium
Lightweight, rigid, corrosion-resistant alloys are used for manufacturing aircraft wings, artificial joints, pacemakers, jewelry

Chromium
White metal
In nature, it occurs as chromite
It is used as an anti-corrosive coating of steel objects, to chrome plating car parts and cutlery

Cobalt
Silvery-white ferromagnetic metal
It occurs in compounds with sulfur and arsenic
From the alloys with iron are produced magnets

Nickel
Ferromagnetic metal
It is used for plating and manufacturing batteries
Alloys finds application in the manufacture of coins

Niobium
Rare gray metal
Alloys used in the aircraft and aerospace engineering

Silver
Soft
From silver is produced jewelery, coins
Halides are used in photography

Cadmium
It is used as part of the control rods of nuclear reactors

Tungsten =  Wolfram
Hard, gray, corrosion-resistant
To the alloys for tools and fibers into bulbs

Platinum
To produce electrical contacts, jewelry, implants, pacemakers

Gold
Soft, shiny, yellow, very unreactive
In nature in a pure state
To increase hardness is added Cu and Ag
Alloys are used in jewelery, dentistry

Mercury = Quicksilver =  Hydrargyrum
Toxic, silvery-white liquid metal
In thermometers, barometers

Iron
Soft, white, magnetic
In nature only in compounds
Is obtained from hematite or magnetite due to melting in a blast furnace
Creates ionic and covalent compounds
By reaction with atmospheric moisture it corrodes

Iron production in a blast furnace
Iron produced in a blast furnace is crude
Contains 5% carbon and 4% other impurities - eg .: sulfur
Most of pig iron is processed into steel

Steel

Alloy of Fe and C (<1.5%)

C increases the hardness and strength but reduces the ductility and malleability

It is produced by removing impurities from molten pig iron

Ferrous scrap, pig iron and lime is charged into the furnace, where oxygen is blown, which oxidizes impurities

Copper

In nature, it occurs in a pure state and compounds - eg.: chalcopyrite

Unreactive, on air it loses its luster and covers a green layer of alkaline sulfate

Electric wires. lines, water pipes, heating systems are produced from copper

Alloys: brass contains Zn, Bronze contains Cn

Cupric chloride is used in pyrotechnics

Spelter = Zinc

Silvery, soft, on air it loses its shine

In nature, it occurs in sphalerite

It is obtained by roasting the ore to form ZnO and the reduction of coke

Zinc oxide is contained in creams for baby rash

Alkaline earth metals

They occur in nature as compounds
From rocks are mainly obtained roasted manner
Very reactive
White metals
On air they lose metallic sheen

Beryllium
In jewelery is used as precious and semiprecious stones
Alloys are used in the manufacture of electrical contacts and electrodes for arc welding
Alloys with low density components are used for constructing of aircraft and spacecraft

Magnesium
Is produced due to thermal method
It occurs in dolomite and seawater
On air it burns bright white flame
It is used in the manufacture of alloys to aircraft design
Ions are bonded in chlorophyll due to Magnesium

Calcium
The most prized grape variety of limestone is marble - is used for cladding buildings, statues
It Burns red flame
Chemical transitions between calcium carbonate and calcium bicarbonate =  calcium hydrogen carbonate are the reason of formation karst phenomena
Calcium carbonate is used in the construction industry, for the manufacture of chalk, paints and tooth powders
Gypsum = calcium sulfate hemihydrate
Biogenic element - bones, teeth, muscles, blood, body tissue, clams, protecting the body of gastropods and bivalves

Strontium
Used in pyrotechnic products

Barium
Toxic metal
Barium peroxide is used for bleaching silks and sold in disinfectants
Barium carbonate is used to produce glass and poisonous baits to rodents

Radium
In the pure state is white and heavy
1898 - discovered by Marie Curie Sklodowska

Alkali metals

The most reactive metals - reactivity increases from Li to Fr
Due of the reactivity, they are stored under kerosene
In the valence shell they have only one electron, which makes them strong reducing agents
In nature they exist only in compounds
Soft, lightweight, shiny metals
All of them are good conductors of electricity and heat
They have very low melting points


Lithium
On air it burns crimson red flame
Compound with chloride is in devices for air conditioning
Lithium batteries and rechargeable batteries are used in electric motors
Lithium hydroxide is used to absorb CO₂ from the stale air in submarines and spaceships


Sodium
It is a biogenic element - found in all cells of plant and animal tissues
On air it burns orange yellow flame
Sodium hydrogen carbonate = Sodium bicarbonate is part of baking powder
In the nuclear industry and in aircraft engines is used as a material for dissipate heat
Sodium peroxide is applied in washing powders


Potassium
Well represented on Earth and in space
Its compounds are in seawater
Saltpeter = Potassium nitrate is used in the production of fertilizers and explosives
Potassium hydroxide is used in liquid soaps, medicines, artificial silk


Rubidium
Soft as wax
It is used in photocells serving for the direct conversion of light energy into electrical
Rubidium salts are added to a mixture of pyrotechnics and lighting effects are dyed to purple


Cesium
It is used in photocells, to construct power tubes, in night vision devices, television receivers


Francium
The heaviest chemical element of alkali metals