Vitamins

Low molecular weight organic substances
In a small amount necessary for life
Not a source of energy for the body

Source: http://www.nactalia.com/

Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin C
It helps absorbing iron, forming collagen and red blood cells
Deficiency causes bleeding, gingivitis
Source: Vegetables - peppers, cabbage
Fruit - strawberries, red currants, oranges, lemons

Vitamin B1
Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency causes cramps, fatigue, digestive disorders
Source: cereals, yeast, legumes, offal

Vitamin B2
Deficiency causes inflammation of the corners of the mouth, skin lesions and mucous membranes
Source: meat, milk, eggs, liver

Source: http://alternativa-za-vas.com/

Biotin = Vitamin H
Supporting growth and cell division
Deficiency causes skin diseases, fatigue
Source: eggs, liver, meat, yeast

Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
Component of the visual pigment
Deficiency causes night blindness, growth arrest
Source: liver, egg, meat, cheese, fat seafood

Vitamins D
Group of vitamins - most important is D2 and D3
Promotes the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
Deficiency causes softening and deformation of bones
Source: meat, liver, UV-fat seafood

Source: http://www.calivita.si/

Vitamin E
Protects cell membranes, supports the activity of the gonads
Deficiency causes muscle weakness, impaired vascular system
Source: vegetable oils

Vitamin K
It participates in the blood coagulation process
Deficiency causes blood clotting disorder
Source: leafy vegetables, formed by intestinal bacteria

Substitution derivatives of carboxylic acids

Derived by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with another atom or functional group
They have properties similar to carboxylic acid

Halogenoacids
Mostly crystalline and toxic
The closer is a halogen atom to the carboxyl group, the acid is stronger
The higher the number of halogen atoms in the molecule, the acid is stronger

Hydroxy acids
Crystalline
They are prepared by hydrolysis of the sodium salts of halogen acids

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid
It is used in dermatology - low concentration stimulates the skin epithelium growth

Lactic acid
Is created by lactic fermentation of sugars
In milk, cheese, sauerkraut

Citric acid
In fruits
Part of the Krebs cycle - Intermediate of metabolism of nutrients

Lactic acid

Tartaric acid
In fruits
It is used to adjust the acidity of wine, fruit beverages

Ketoacids
Participate in the biochemical processes

Pyruvic acid
It is a product of glycolysis
It is metabolism of alcohol and lactic fermentation

Pyruvic acid

Amino acids
COOH - sour
NH2 - alkaline
Colorless, crystalline

Isoelectric point - the pH at which the amino acid is neutral

Dipeptide
Molecule composed of two molecules of the amino acid
If both are the same amino acid = homodipeptid
If the amino acids are different = heteropeptid

Chemical bonds

Force interaction, which energetically stabilizes the combined atoms and contributes to the formation of the molecule
The molecule has a lower energy than the original single atoms had before the merger

Binding energy - the energy which is released by bond formation - the greater the value of this energy, the atoms are tightly bonded to each other

Dissociation energy of bond - the energy which is necessary to deliver for split of bond

The length of bond - is the distance between the nuclei of atoms - is determined by spectral methods

The bond strength - increases with increasing binding regulations - multiplicity

Covalent bond
The electrons are shared so that each fill part of the valence electron shell
In organic compounds and inorganic molecules with a crystal lattice consisting of the same atoms, for example: diamond

σ bond is at the junction of cores and π bond is outside of junction of cores
At room temperature compounds are liquid or gaseous

Coordination - covalent bond
= Donor-acceptor bond
Donor - Provides free electron pair
Characteristics do not differ from covalent bonds
Especially in complex compounds

Nonpolar bond
Difference of electronegativity is less than 0.4
Molecules composed of the same atoms, carbon dioxide, methane, etc. have this bond

Polar bond
Difference of electronegativity is 0.4 < X <1.67
Shared electrons are attracted to one of the atom more
It occurs in water, methanol, glycerol, inorganic compounds, formic acid, acetic acid

Ionic bond
Difference of  electronegativity is greater than 1.67
One atom attracts one or more electrons from another atom - with electrons reaches a stable electron configuration and becomes an anion = negative ion and second atom becomes cation = positive ion
Ionic compounds are dissolved in water
The strongest ionic bond occurs with metal salts

Metallic bond
Valence electrons of atoms are freely shared --> ions are surrounded by "electron gas"
The presence of free electrons results in a high thermal and electrical conductivity, a regular crystal lattice

Weak bonding interactions
Hydrogen bonds
H has the ability of interact with two strongly electronegative elements
Occurs between hydrogen atoms and O, N, F

Van der Waals forces
Irregular placement and movement of electrons
The most commonly occur among nonpolar molecules

Glycerol

= Glycerine = Glycerin
Is simple alcohol, sweet-tasting, non-toxic, colorless, odorless
Liquid that is used in pharmaceutical formulations
Has three hydroxyl groups - cause solubility in water and hygroscopic nature
It can be produced by synthetic way, derived from plants (soybean, palm) or animals
It serves in food and beverages as a humectant, solvent, sweetener and preservative
Used in pharmaceutical and medical preparations as a means of improving smoothness, as a humectant and providing lubrication
I have this compound in gel on aphthae

Cyclomethicone

It ranks among the liquid silicones
It have the characteristics of low viscosity and high volatility
Used in many cosmetic products where is desired complete evaporation of the siloxane carrier fluid
Useful in deodorants and antiperspirants which need to coat the skin but not remain tacky afterward
It is part of Glisskur spray for repairing hair